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A communication satellite function as an overhead wireless repeater station that offers a microwave conversation link in between two geographically remote areas. Due to its high altitude, satellite transmissions can cover an extensive location over the surface with the soil. Every satellite phone is equipped with various "transponders" consisting of a transceiver and an antenna tuned to some particular part from the allocated spectrum. The incoming signal is amplified after which rebroadcast over a diverse frequency. Most satellites simply broadcast whatever they receive, and are generally referred to as "bent pipes". These had been traditionally used to support software including Television broadcasts and voice telephony. In recent times, the use of satellites in packet information transmission may be on the rise. They are normally utilised in WAN networks in which they provide backbone links to geographically dispersed LAN's and MAN's.

Satellite-based telecommunication systems offer you two crucial advantages, i.e.

- independence of terrestrial infrastructure and

- worldwide protection.

Satellite cellular phone connection channels are characterized by:

- Broad Area coverage with the earth's surface area.

- Long transmission delays.

- Broadcast transmission.

- Big Channel Bandwidth.

- Transmission expenses impartial of Distance.

The received microwave energy involved in satellite phone links is normally extremely small (from the order of the number of 100 picowatts). This indicates that specially created earth stations that keep C/N (carrier to noise ratio) to some minimal are used to transmit/receive satellite mobile phone communications. The front-end receiver could be the most critical component from the transceiver and is a major element inside the overall cost with the satellite Soil Station. It normally employs a big antenna (Gain of a parabolic antenna is proportional for the square of its diameter) plus a highly linear, low noise microwave amplifier (LNA).

Satellite handset links can run in various frequency bands and use separate carrier frequencies for the up-link and down-link. The use of C bands was most typical in 1st generation Satellite phone methods. However this band is currently crowded as terrestrial microwave links also use these frequencies. The latest trend is toward the higher frequencies of Ku and Ka bands. Attenuation due to rain is a key trouble in both of these bands. Also due for the greater frequencies, microwave gear is still very expensive, particularly inside the Ka band.

Modern Satellites are frequently geared up with various transponders. The location from the earth's surface covered by a satellite's transmission beam is referred to as the "footprint" with the satellite phone transponders. The up-link can be a highly directional, point to stage link applying a substantial gain dish antenna at the ground station. The down-link can have a huge footprint supplying coverage for considerable spot or even a "spot beam" could be used to focus substantial energy on a little area therefore requiring less expensive and smaller ground stations. Moreover, some satellites can dynamically redirect their beams and thus modify their protection area.

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